Sunday, July 27, 2008

Google



Google Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOG and LSE: GGEA) is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, web-based e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. Google's headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California. As of June 30, 2008 the company has 19,604 full-time employees.[3] As of October 31, 2007, it is the largest American company (by market capitalization) that is not part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[4]

Google was co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 7, 1998. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising US$1.67 billion, making it worth US$23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy, and positive employee relations have been important tenets during Google's growth, the latter resulting in being identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine's #1 Best Place to Work.[5] The company's unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil", although criticism of Google include concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, copyright, censorship, and discontinuation of services.

History

Google in 1998
Google in 1998
Main article: History of Google

Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry Page, who was soon joined by Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. students at Stanford University in California.[6] They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.[7] Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate a site's importance.[8] A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy.[9]

Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally, the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997,[10] and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company amounted to almost US$1.1 million, including a US$100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.[11]

The main Google page as of June 2008
The main Google page as of June 2008

In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[12] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.[13] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million.[14]

The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and usability.[15] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.[6] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[6] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at US$.05 per click.[6] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).[16][17][18] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[6]

The name "Google" originated from a common misspelling of the word "googol",[19][20] which refers to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google", was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[21][22]

A patent describing part of Google's ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on September 4, 2001.[23] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor.

Financing and initial public offering

The first funding for Google as a company was secured in 1998, in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[24] Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[24]

Google's IPO took place on August 19, 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of US$85 per share.[25][26] Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google, and the remaining 5,462,917 were offered by existing stockholders. The sale of US$1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than US$23 billion.[27] The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of August 9, 2004, ten days before the IPO.[28]

Google's stock performance after its first IPO launch has gone well, with shares hitting US$700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[29] due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features such as the desktop search function and its iGoogle personalized home page.[30] The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[30]

The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG and under the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGEA.

Growth

While the company's primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun experimenting with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that its purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[31] This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times.[32] They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.

Google was added to the S&P 500 index on March 30, 2006. It replaced Burlington Resources, a major oil producer based in Houston which was acquired by ConocoPhillips.[citation needed]

Acquisitions

See also: List of Google acquisitions

Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products.[citation needed] One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999.[citation needed] This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004.[citation needed] In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was used by Google to eventually create Google Docs & Spreadsheets.[citation needed]

In 2004, Google acquired a company called Keyhole, Inc., which developed a product called Earth Viewer which was renamed in 2005 to Google Earth.[citation needed]

In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on April 6, 2006 and outlined many of the service's known issues.[33]

In late 2006, Google bought online video site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in stock.[34] Shortly after, on October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.[35]

On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for US$3.1 billion.[36]

On July 9, 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.[37]

Partnerships

In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m²) of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry.[38] Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.[39] The company entered into a partnership with Time Warner's AOL,[40] to enhance each other's video search services.

The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson among others.[41] In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads,[42] and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."[43]

In 2006, Google and News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media entered into a US$900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.[44]

On November 5, 2007 Google announced the Open Handset Alliance to develop an open platform for mobile services called Android.[citation needed]

On March,2008 Google, Sprint, Intel, Comcast, Time Warner Cable,Bright House Networks,Clearwire together found Xohm to provide wireless telecommunication service.

Products and services

Google appliance as shown at RSA Conference 2008
Google appliance as shown at RSA Conference 2008
Main article: List of Google products

Google has created services and tools for the general public and business environment alike; including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.

Advertising

Most of Google's revenue is derived from advertising programs. For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported US$10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only US$112 million in licensing and other revenues.[45] Google AdWords allows Web advertisers to display advertisements in Google's search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. Google AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own site, and earn money every time ads are clicked.

Web-based software

The Google web search engine is the company's most popular service. As of August 2007, Google is the most used search engine on the web with a 53.6% market share, ahead of Yahoo! (19.9%) and Live Search (12.9%).[46] Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps, and more.

In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based e-mail service, known as Gmail (or Google Mail in some jurisdictions).[47] Gmail features spam-filtering technology and the capability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying advertisements and links from the AdWords service that are tailored to the choice of the user and/or content of the e-mail messages displayed on screen.

In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which not only allows users to search and view freely available videos but also offers users and media publishers the ability to publish their content, including television shows on CBS, NBA basketball games, and music videos.[48] In August 2007, Google announced that it would shut down its video rental and sale program and offer refunds and Google Checkout credits to consumers who had purchased videos to own.[citation needed]

On February 28, 2008 Google launched the Google Sites wiki as a Google Apps component.[citation needed]

Google has also developed several desktop applications, including Google Earth, an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Google Earth is generally considered to be remarkably accurate and extremely detailed. Many major cities have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security implications. Specifically, some countries and militaries contend the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other products and even government sources. For example, NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Some counter this argument by stating that Google Earth makes it easier to access and research the images.[citation needed]

Many other products are available through Google Labs, which is a collection of incomplete applications that are still being tested for use by the general public.[citation needed]

Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set-up in Heathrow Airport, showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa.[49][50] Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.[51]

In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone.[52][53][54] The project, called Android provides a standard development kit that will allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the phone manufacturer. In October 2007, Google SMS service was launched in India allowing users to get business listings, movie showtimes, and information by sending an SMS.[citation needed]

Enterprise products

In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at the business user. It includes such extras as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, for a price of US$50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.[55]

Platform

Main article: Google platform

Google runs its services on several server farms, each comprising thousands of low-cost commodity computers running stripped-down versions of Linux. While the company divulges no details of its hardware, a 2006 estimate cites 450,000 servers, "racked up in clusters at data centers around the world."[56]

Corporate affairs and culture

Left to right, Eric E. Schmidt, Sergey Brin and Larry Page
Left to right, Eric E. Schmidt, Sergey Brin and Larry Page

Google is known for its relaxed corporate culture, of which its playful variations on its own corporate logo are an indicator. In 2007 and 2008, Fortune Magazine placed Google at the top of its list of the hundred best places to work.[5] Google's corporate philosophy embodies such casual principles as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."[57]

Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards.[58] For example, some system administrators earn no more than US$35,000 per year – considered to be quite low for the Bay Area job market.[59] However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the corporation's remarkable equity growth.[60] Google implemented other employee incentives in 2005, such as the Google Founders' Award, in addition to offering higher salaries to new employees. Google's workplace amenities, culture, global popularity, and strong brand recognition have also attracted potential applicants.[citation needed]

After the company's IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt, requested that their base salary be cut to US$1.00.[61] Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests."[61] Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making US$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of US$150,000.[61]

They have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's board of directors. In a 2007 report of the United States' richest people, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for #5 with a net worth of US$18.5 billion each.[62]

In 2007 and through early 2008, Google has seen the departure of several top executives. Justin Rosenstein, Google’s product manager, left in June of 2007.[63] Shortly thereafter, Gideon Yu, former chief financial officer of YouTube, a Google unit, joined Facebook[64] along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer, who left in October 2007.[65] In March 2008, two senior Google leaders announced their desire to pursue other opportunities. Sheryl Sandburg, ex-VP of global online sales and operations began her position as COO of Facebook[66] while Ash ElDifrawi, former head of brand advertising, left to become CMO of Netshops Inc.[67]

Googleplex

The Googleplex
The Googleplex
Main article: Googleplex

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, is referred to as "the Googleplex" in a play of words; a googolplex being 1 followed by a googol of zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf. multiplex, cineplex, etc). The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, Foosball, a baby grand piano, a pool table, and ping pong. In addition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks.[68]

Sign at the Googleplex

In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet (28,900 m²) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan.[69] The office was specially designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, most recently deals with MySpace and AOL.[69] In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others.[69] It is estimated that the building costs Google US$10 million per year to rent and is similar in design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area.[69] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh.[70] By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[71]

The size of Google's search system is presently undisclosed. The best estimates place the total number of the company's servers at 450,000, spread over twenty five locations throughout the world, including major operations centers in Dublin (European Operations Headquarters) and Atlanta, Georgia.[citation needed] Google is also in the process of constructing a major operations center in The Dalles, Oregon, on the banks of the Columbia River.[citation needed] The site, also referred to by the media as Project 02, was chosen due to the availability of inexpensive hydroelectric power and a large surplus of fiber optic cable, remnants of the dot com boom of the late 1990s. The computing center is estimated to be the size of two football fields, and it has created hundreds of construction jobs, causing local real estate prices to increase 40%. Upon completion, the center is expected to create 60 to 200 permanent jobs in the town of 12,000 people.[72]

Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[73] The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[73] In June 2007, Google announced that they plan to become carbon neutral by 2008, which includes investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and purchasing carbon offsets, such as investing in projects like capturing and burning methane from animal waste at Mexican and Brazilian farms.[citation needed]

Innovation time off

As an interesting motivation technique (usually called Innovation Time Off), all Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[74] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that half of the new product launches originated from the 20% time.[75]

Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes

Main article: Google's hoaxes

Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes—such as Google MentalPlex, which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[76] In 2002, they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine.[77] In 2004, they featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon),[78] and in 2005, a fictitious brain-boosting drink, termed Google Gulp was announced.[79] In 2006, they came up with Google Romance, a hypothetical online dating service.[80] In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider)[81] in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet and waiting only an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect it to the Internet.[81] Additionally, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.[82]

Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; for instance, the Language Tools page offers the search interface in the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, ”Hacker” (actually leetspeak), Elmer Fudd, and Klingon.[83] In addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[84] As Google's search box can be used as a unit converter (as well as a calculator), some non-standard units are built in, such as the Smoot. Google also routinely modifies its logo in accordance with various holidays or special events throughout the year, such as Christmas, Mother's Day, or the birthdays of various notable individuals.[85]

IPO and culture

Many people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in the company's culture,[86] because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term advances, or because a large number of the company's employees would suddenly become millionaires on paper. In a report given to potential investors, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[87] Later Mr. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture and the fun elements. We spent a lot of time getting our offices right. We think it's important to have a high density of people. People are packed together everywhere. We all share offices. We like this set of buildings because it's more like a densely packed university campus than a typical suburban office park."[88]

However, many analysts are finding that as Google grows, the company is becoming more "corporate". In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[89][90][91] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has designated a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on in the beginning—a flat organization, a lack of hierarchy, a collaborative environment.[92]

Philanthropy

Main article: Google.org

In 2004, Google formed a for-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, with a start-up fund of US$1 billion.[93] The express mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 mpg. The founding and current director is Dr. Larry Brilliant.[94]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Google

As it has grown, Google has found itself the focus of several controversies related to its business practices and services. For example, Google Book Search's effort to digitize millions of books and make the full text searchable has led to copyright disputes with the Authors Guild.[citation needed] Google's cooperation with the governments of China, and to a lesser extent France and Germany (regarding Holocaust denial) to filter search results in accordance to regional laws and regulations has led to claims of censorship.[citation needed] Google's persistent cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user privacy. As of December 11, 2007, Google, like the Microsoft search engine, stores "personal information for 18 months" and by comparison, Yahoo! and AOL (Time Warner) "retain search requests for 13 months."[95]

A number of Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks posed by geographic details provided by Google Earth's satellite imaging.[96] Google has also been criticized by advertisers regarding its inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script is used to generate a charge on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.[97] Further, Google has faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[98][99] Google has also faced accusations in Harper's Magazine[100] of being extremely excessive with their energy usage, and were accused of employing their "Don't be evil" motto as well as their very public energy saving campaigns as means of trying to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy their servers actually require.

Also, US District Court Judge Louis Stanton, on July 1, 2008 ordered Google to give YouTube user data / log to Viacom to support its case in a billion-dollar copyright lawsuit against Google.[101][102] Google and Viacom, however, on July 14, 2008, agreed in compromise to protect YouTube users' personal data in the $ 1 billion (£ 497 million) copyright lawsuit. Google agreed it will make user information and internet protocol addresses from its YouTube subsidiary anonymous before handing over the data to Viacom. The privacy deal also applied to other litigants including the FA Premier League, the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organisation and the Scottish Premier League.[103][104] The deal however did not extend the anonymity to employees, since Viacom would prove that Google staff are aware of uploading of illegal material to the site. The parties therefore will further meet on the matter lest the data be made available to the court.[105]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Rise of Google" (April 29, 2004). USA Today. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Financial Tables". Google Investor Relations. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  3. ^ a b "GOOGLE ANNOUNCES SECOND QUARTER 2008 RESULTS" (July 17, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-07-17.
  4. ^ "Google’s Surge Would Make Casey Kasem Proud". Wall Street Journal (October 31, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
  5. ^ a b "100 Best Companies to Work For 2007." Fortune Magazine (link published by CNN). January 22, 2007. Retrieved on January 8, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Corporate Information: Google Milestones." Google. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  7. ^ Page, Lawrence; Brin, Sergey; Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd, Terry. "The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web." November 11, 1999.
  8. ^ Battelle, John. "The Birth of Google." Wired Magazine. August, 2005.
  9. ^ Li, Yanhong. "Toward a qualitative search engine." Internet Computing, IEEE. 2 (4), July-August, 1998, 24-29.
  10. ^ "WHOIS - google.com". Retrieved on 2007-08-10.
  11. ^ Google. "Google Milestones." Retrieved on July 12, 2006.
  12. ^ Fried, Ian. "A building blessed with tech success." CNET. October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  13. ^ Olsen, Stefanie. "Google's movin' on up." CNET. July 11, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  14. ^ Staff Writer. "Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics." Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  15. ^ Thompson, Bill. "Is Google good for you?" BBC News. December 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  16. ^ Sullivan, Danny. "GoTo Going Strong." The Search Engine Report. July 1, 1998.
  17. ^ Pelline, Jeff. "Pay-for-placement gets another shot." CNET. February 19, 1998.
  18. ^ Glaser, Ken. "Who Will GoTo.com?" OnlinePress.com. February 20, 1998.
  19. ^ Koller, David. "Origin of the name, "Google." Stanford University. January, 2004.
  20. ^ Hanley, Rachael. "From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns." The Stanford Daily. February 12, 2003. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.
  21. ^ Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to google[dead link]." San Jose Mercury News. July 7, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
  22. ^ Bylund, Anders. "To Google or Not to Google[dead link]." The Motley Fool via MSNBC. July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
  23. ^ Page, Lawrence. "Method for node ranking in a linked database." European Patent Organisation. September 4, 2001. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  24. ^ a b Kopytoff, Verne; Fost, Dan. "For early Googlers, key word is $$$." San Francisco Chronicle. April 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  25. ^ Elgin, Ben. "Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?" Business Week. August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  26. ^ untitled
  27. ^ Webb, Cynthia L. "Google's IPO: Grate Expectations." Washington Post. August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  28. ^ Kuchinskas, Susan. "Yahoo and Google Settle." internetnews.com. August 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  29. ^ Daily Telegraph Issue 47,409 Business Section Page B5 date, 7 November 2007
  30. ^ a b La Monica, Paul R. "Bowling for Google." CNN. May 25, 2005. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.
  31. ^ Levingston, Steven. "Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio." Washington Post. January 18, 2006.
  32. ^ Gonsalves, Antone. "Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper." Information Week. " January 10, 2006.
  33. ^ "Measure Map Forum - Known issues." Google Groups. April 6, 2006. Retrieved on September 10, 2007.
  34. ^ La Monica, Paul R. "Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion." CNN. October 9, 2006. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
  35. ^ Google Buys Wiki Startup JotSpot. October 31, 2006.
  36. ^ Louise Stort and Miguel Helft. "Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion." The New York Times. April 13, 2007. Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  37. ^ "Google to acquire Postini". Google (Press release) (July 9, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
  38. ^ Mills, Elinor. "Can Google beat the new-office curse?" CNET. September 28, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  39. ^ Kessler, Michelle; Acohido, Byron. "Google, Sun make 'big deal' together." USA Today. October 3, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  40. ^ Mills, Elinor. "What the Google-AOL deal means for users." CNET. December 28, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  41. ^ "dotMobi Investors." .mobi. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
  42. ^ "Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market." Google. September 17, 2007. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
  43. ^ Niccolai, James. "Google Buys Mobile Social Network Zingku." PC World. September 29, 2007. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.
  44. ^ Staff Writer. "Fox Interactive Media Enters into Landmark Agreement with Google Inc.; Multi-Year Pact Calls for Google to Provide Search and Advertising across Fox Interactive Media's Growing Online Network Including the MySpace Community." Business Wire. August 7, 2006. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  45. ^ "Form 10-K — Annual Report". EDGAR. SEC. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.
  46. ^ "August 2007 Search Share for Top 10 Search Engines from Nielsen//NetRatings October 26, 2007. Retrieved on October 26, 2007.
  47. ^ Staff Writer. "Google + e-mail = gmail." CNN. August 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  48. ^ Tyler, Nathan. "Google to Launch Video Marketplace." Google. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  49. ^ "Googlespace Website." Google. Retrieved on February 26, 2007.
  50. ^ Donoghue, Andrew. "Google turns Heathrow into testing lab." ZDNet. November 24, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  51. ^ "College Life, Powered by Google Website." Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  52. ^ Orlowski, Andrew. "Google Phone - it's for real." The Register. March 16, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.
  53. ^ Smith, David. "The future for Orange could soon be Google in your pocket." The Guardian. December 17, 2006. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.
  54. ^ Ricker, Thomas. "The Google Switch: an iPhone killer?." Engadget. January 18, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.
  55. ^ Rickwood, Lee. "Google Apps: Killer software or killer decision?." PCWorld.ca. March 23, 2007. Retrieved on March 25, 2007.
  56. ^ Carr, David F. "How Google Works." Baseline Magazine. July 6, 2006. Retrieved on February 7, 2008.
  57. ^ "Google Corporate Philosophy." Google. Retrieved on August 31, 2006.
  58. ^ "Google Employee Salaries Data Survey —Retrieved from mydanwei.com
  59. ^ Penenberg, Adam L. "Why Google Is Like Wal-Mart." Wired. April 21, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  60. ^ Shinal, John. "Google IPO achieved its major goal: It's all about raising cash for the company and rewarding employees, early investors." San Francisco Chronicle. August 22, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
  61. ^ a b c La Monica, Paul R. "Google leaders stick with $1 salary." CNN. March 31, 2006. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.
  62. ^ "The 400 Richest Americans." Forbes. September 20, 2007. Retrieved on September 22, 2007.
  63. ^ ""Google Checkout Googler Benjamin Ling Checksout to Facebook"". Search Engine Land (2007-10-10). Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  64. ^ ""Another Googler goes to Facebook: Sheryl Sandburg becomes new COO"". Venture Beat (2008-03-04).
  65. ^ ""Top Google exec jumps to Facebook"". Fortune (2008-03-04). Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  66. ^ ""Facebook Raids Google for Executive"". Washington Post (2008-03-05). Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  67. ^ ""Netshops Inc. Appoints Ash ElDifrawi as Company's First Chief Marketing Officer"". PR Newswire (2008-03-26). Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  68. ^ "About the Googleplex." Google. Retrieved on March 5, 2008.
  69. ^ a b c d Reardon, Marguerite. "Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple." c net. October 2, 2006. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
  70. ^ "Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House", WTAE ThePittsburghChannel (November 17, 2006). Retrieved on 2008-01-13.
  71. ^ "Inside Google's Michigan Office". InformationWeek (October 24, 2007).
  72. ^ Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul. "Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power." The New York Times. June 14, 2006. Retrieved on October 13, 2007.
  73. ^ a b Richmond, Riva. "Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters." MarketWatch. October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 17, 2006.
  74. ^ "What's it like to work in Engineering, Operations, & IT?." Google. Retrieved on August 2, 2006.
  75. ^ Mayer, Marissa. "MS&E 472 Course: Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Seminar Series." (video link; an audio podcast is also available in MP3 format). ETL Seminar Series/Stanford University. May 17, 2006. Retrieved on August 2, 2006.
  76. ^ "Google MentalPlex." Google. April 1, 2000. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  77. ^ "The technology behind Google's great results." Google. April 1, 2002. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  78. ^ "Google Copernicus Center is hiring." Google. April 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  79. ^ "Quench your thirst for knowledge." Google. April 1, 2005. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  80. ^ Fox, Lynn. "Google to Organize World's Courtship Information with Google Romance." Google. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  81. ^ a b "Welcome to Google TiSP." Google. April 1, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.
  82. ^ "Gmail Paper." Google. April 1, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.
  83. ^ "Language Tools." Google. Retrieved on January 24, 2007.
  84. ^ "Google Search Results for 'answer to life the universe and everything'." Google. Retrieved on January 24, 2007.
  85. ^ "Holiday logos." Google. Retrieved on May 21, 2007.
  86. ^ Associated Press. "Quirky Google Culture Endangered?" Wired Magazine. April 28, 2004.
  87. ^ Baertlein, Lisa. "Google IPO at $2.7 billion." CIOL IT Unlimited. April 30, 2004.
  88. ^ Vise, David A. "Tactics of 'Google Guys' Test IPO Law's Limits." Washington Post. August 17, 2004. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  89. ^ Rivlin, Gary. "Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain." New York Times. August 24, 2005.
  90. ^ Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard. "Search giant may outgrow its fans." The Sydney Morning Herald. August 25, 2005.
  91. ^ Ranka, Mohit. "Google - Don't Be Evil."OSNews. May 17, 2007.
  92. ^ Mills, Elinor. "Meet Google's culture czar." ZDNet. April 30, 2007. Retrieved on April 30, 2007.
  93. ^ "About the Foundation." Google.org. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
  94. ^ Hafner, Katie. "Philanthropy Google’s Way: Not the Usual." The New York Times. September 14, 2006. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
  95. ^ Liedtke, Michael (December 11, 2007). "Ask.com will purge search info in hours", Journal Gazette, Fort Wayne Newspapers. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
  96. ^ Sharma, Dinesh C. "Indian president warns against Google Earth." c net. October 17, 2005. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.
  97. ^ Mills, Elinor. "Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats." c net. July 25, 2006. Retrieved on July 29, 2006.
  98. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn. "Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit." c|net news.com. July 27, 2005.
  99. ^ Staff Writer. "Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit." CTV. October 6, 2007. Retrieved on April 5, 2008.
  100. ^ Strand, Ginger. "Keyword: Evil." Retrieved on 2008-04-09.
  101. ^ Afp.google.com, Judge orders Google to give YouTube user data to Viacom
  102. ^ bbc.co.uk, Google must divulge YouTube log
  103. ^ reuters.com, Lawyers in YouTube lawsuit reach user privacy deal
  104. ^ guardian.co.uk/media, Google and Viacom reach deal over YouTube user data
  105. ^ brandrepublic.com, Viacom backs down over YouTube lawsuit
Posted by at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)